Archives for Ibogaine Wiki - Page 2
Ibogaine – Metabolites
Ibogaine Metabolites Ibogaine is metabolized in the human body by cytochrome P450 2D6, and the major metabolite is noribogaine (12-hydroxyibogamine). Noribogaine is most potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and acts as a moderate κ- and weak µ-opioid receptor full agonist and therefore, also has an aspect of an opiate replacement similar to compounds like methadone. It is possible that this action of noribogaine at the kappa opioid receptor may indeed contribute significantly to the psychoactive effects attributed to ibogaine ingestion; salvia divinorum, another plant recognized for its strong hallucinogenic properties, contains the chemical salvinorin-A which is a highly selective kappa opioid agonist. Both ibogaine and noribogaine have a plasma half-life of around two hours in the rat, although the half-life of noribogaine is slightly longer than the parent compound. It is proposed that ibogaine is deposited in fat and metabolized into noribogaine as it is shows higher plasma levels than ibogaine and may therefore be detected for longer periods of time than ibogaine. Noribogaine is also more potent than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination assays when tested for the subjective effects of ibogaine. The Noribogaine differs from ibogaine in that it contains a hydroxy instead of a methoxy group at the 12 position
Ibogaine – Research
An ibogaine research project was funded by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse in the early 1990s. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) abandoned efforts to continue this project into clinical studies in 1995, citing other reports that suggested a risk of brain damage with extremely high doses and fatal heart arrhythmia in patients having a history of health problems, as well as inadequate funding for ibogaine development within their budget. However, NIDA funding for ibogaine research continues in indirect grants often cited in peer-reviewed ibogaine publications. In addition, after years of work and a number of significant changes to the original protocol, on August 17, 2006, a MAPS-sponsored research team received "unconditional approval" from a Canadian Institutional Review Board (IRB) to proceed with a long-term observational case study that will examine changes in substance use in 20 consecutive people seeking ibogaine-based therapy for opiate dependence at the Iboga Therapy House in British Columbia, Canada. Addiction treatment The most-studied therapeutic effect of ibogaine is the reduction or elimination of addiction to opioids. An integral effect is the alleviation of symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Research also suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependence on other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, and may affect compulsive behavioral patterns not involving substance abuse or chemical dependence. Researchers note that there remains a "need for systematic investigation in a conventional clinical research setting." Many users of ibogaine report experiencing visual phenomena during a waking dream state, such as instructive replays of life events that led to…
Ibogaine – Legal status
Ibogaine Legal status Ibogaine and its salts were regulated by the Food and Drug Administration in 1967 pursuant to its enhanced authority to regulate stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens granted by the 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In 1970, with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, it was classified as a Schedule I-controlled substance in the United States, along with other psychedelics such as DMT and mescaline. Since that time, several other countries, including Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Switzerland, have also banned the sale and possession of ibogaine. Although illegal in these countries, ibogaine has been used by hundreds of drug dependents in the United States and abroad. Howard Lotsof, a pioneer in bringing awareness to ibogaine's success in helping hardcore drug dependents to quit their addiction, and others have been offering willing persons the treatment. In the Czech Republic and Slovenia, taking advantage of less prohibitive legal systems, ibogaine has been applied to people coming from the and other countries seeking a safe haven.
Ibogaine – In popular culture
Ibogaine - In popular culture Ibogaine first appeared in popular culture in the writings of Hunter S. Thompson. While covering the Wisconsin primaries of the 1972 Presidential primaries for Rolling Stone magazine, Thompson claimed that presidential candidate Edmund Muskie showed symptoms of being under the influence of Ibogaine. This assertion was later revealed by Thompson to be false, one that he had planted as media bait. He himself was surprised when the leading media outlets picked up the story and ran with it. It also appeared in the seventh episode of the eleventh season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In the episode, Doctor Huang administers Ibogaine to a heroin addict so that he can testify against a murderer
Drug
Drug Coffee is the most widely used psychoactive drug beverage in the world. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee was cups per day per citizen. Wine is a common alcoholic beverage. A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage. In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception, consciousness, personality, and behavior. Some drugs can cause addiction and/or habituation. Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug. Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and recreational drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body and some substances normally considered drugs such as DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) are actually produced…
Ibogaine Media
Media Documentary film Detox or Die (2004) Directed by David Graham ;David Graham Scott begins videotaping his heroin-addicted friends. Before long, he himself is addicted to the drug. He eventually turns the camera on himself and his family. After 12 years of debilitating, painful dependence on methadone, Scott turns to ibogaine. Filmed in Scotland and England, and broadcast on BBC One as the third instalment in the documentary series One Life. Ibogaine: Rite of Passage (2004) Directed by Ben ;Cy, a 34-year-old heroin addict, undergoes ibogaine treatment with Dr. Martin Polanco at the Ibogaine Association, a clinic in Rosarito, Mexico. Deloenen interviews people formerly addicted to heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine, who share their perspectives about ibogaine treatment. In Gabon, a Babongo woman receives iboga root for her depressive malaise. Deloenen visually contrasts this Western, clinical use of ibogaine with the Bwiti use of iboga root, but emphasizes the Western context. Facing the Habit (2007) Directed by Magnolia ;Martin's subject is a former millionaire and stockbroker who travels to Mexico for ibogaine treatment for heroin addiction. Tripping in Amsterdam (2008) In this short film directed by Jan Bednarz, Simon "Swany" Wan visits Sara Glatt's iboga treatment center in ;Current TV broadcast the documentary in 2008 as part of their "Quarter-life Crisis" programming roster. I'm Dangerous with Love (2009) Directed by Michel ;Negroponte examines Dimitri Mugianis's long, clandestine career of treating heroin addicts with ibogaine. "Hallucinogens" (2012) In one of five segments from this episode of Drugs, ;on National Geographic Channel, a former heroin user treats addicts with ibogaine in Canada. He himself used ibogaine…
Ibogaine – Coronaridine
Coronaridine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coronaridine Clinical data ATC code none Identifiers IUPAC name CAS Number 467-77-6 PubChem CID 6426909 ChemSpider 4932328 ECHA InfoCard ; Chemical and physical data Formula C21H26N2O2 Molar mass g/mol g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image SMILES InChI Coronaridine, also known as 18-carbomethoxyibogamine, is an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga and related species, including Tabernaemontana divaricata for which (under the now obsolete synonym Ervatamia coronaria) it was named. Coronaridine persistently reduces the self-administration of cocaine and morphine in rats. Pharmacology Coronaridine has been reported to bind to an assortment of molecular sites, including: μ-opioid (Ki = μM), δ-opioid (Ki = μM), and κ-opioid receptors (Ki = μM), NMDA receptor (Ki = μM) (as an antagonist), and nAChRs (as an antagonist). It has also been found to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, act as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, and displays estrogenic activity in ;In contrast to ibogaine and other iboga alkaloids, coronaridine does not bind to either the σ1 or σ2 ;Coronaridine also has estrogenic properties. See also Ibogaine Ibogamine Tabernanthine Voacangine References ^ Delorenzi JC, Freire-de-Lima L, Gattass CR, et al. (July 2002). "In vitro activities of iboga alkaloid congeners coronaridine and 18-methoxycoronaridine against Leishmania amazonensis". Antimicrobial Agents and ;46 (7): 2111–;;PMC ;PMID 12069962. ^ Glick SD, Kuehne ME, Raucci J, Wilson TE, Larson D, Keller RW Jr, Carlson JN (September 1994). "Effects of iboga alkaloids on morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats: relationship to tremorigenic effects and to effects on dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum". Brain ;657 (1–2): 14–;(94);PMID 7820611. ^ Jump up to:a b c Christophe Wiart (16 December 2013). Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Academic Press. ;67–69, ;ISBN 978-0-12-398383-1. ^ Jump up to:a b Gideon Polya (15 May 2003). Biochemical Targets of Plant Bioactive Compounds: A Pharmacological Reference Guide to Sites of Action and…
Tabernanthine – Tabernanthe Iboga
Tabernanthine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Tabernanthine Clinical data ATC code none Identifiers IUPAC name CAS Number 83-94-3 PubChem CID 6326116 ChemSpider 4885254 UNII TV52I1S16D Chemical and physical data Formula C20H26N2O Molar mass g/mol g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image SMILES InChI Tabernanthine is an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga. It has been used in laboratory experiments to study how addiction affects the brain. Tabernanthine persistently reduced the self-administration of cocaine and morphine in rats. See also Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine Voacangine References ^ Bartlett, M. F.; Dickel, D. F.; Taylor, W. I. (1958). "The Alkaloids of Tabernanthe iboga. Part The Structures of Ibogamine, Ibogaine, Tabernanthine and Voacangine - Journal of the American Chemical Society (ACS Publications)". Journal of the American Chemical ;80: 126–; ^ Levi MS, Borne RF (October 2002). "A review of chemical agents in the pharmacotherapy of addiction". Curr. Med. ;9 (20): 1807–;;PMID 12369879. ^ Glick SD, Kuehne ME, Raucci J, Wilson TE, Larson D, Keller RW Jr, Carlson JN (September 1994). "Effects of iboga alkaloids on morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats: relationship to tremorigenic effects and to effects on dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum". Brain ;657 (1–2): 14–;(94);PMID 7820611. hide v t e Treatment of drug dependence (N07B) Nicotine dependence Bupropion Cytisine Lobeline Mecamylamine Varenicline AA (Clonidine) Alcohol dependence AD inhibitor (Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Hydrogen cyanamide) Acamprosate Opioid antagonists (Naltrexone Nalmefene) Topiramate AA (Clonidine) Baclofen Metadoxine Phenibut Opioid dependence AA (Clonidine Lofexidine) Ibogaine Opioids Buprenorphine (+naloxone) Levacetylmethadol Methadone Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Hydromorphone (extended-release) Morphine (extended-release) Opioid antagonists (Naltrexone Nalmefene) Benzodiazepine dependence AA (Clonidine) Benzodiazepines (Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam) Barbiturates (Phenobarbital) Research Salvia divinorum hide v t e…
Ibogaine – Ibogamine
Ibogamine Ibogamine is an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga. Basic research related to how addiction affects the brain has used this chemical. Ibogamine persistently reduced the self-administration of cocaine and morphine in The same study found that Ibogamine (40mg/kg) and Coronaridine (40mg/kg) did not produce "any tremor effects in rats that differ significantly from saline control". While the related alkaloids Ibogaine(20-40 mg/kg), harmaline (10-40 mg/kg) and desethylcoronaridine (10-40 mg/kg) were "obviously tremorgenic". See also Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogaline Tabernanthine Voacangine Harmaline References ^ Bartlett, M. F.; Dickel, D. F.; Taylor, W. I. (1958). "The Alkaloids of Tabernanthe iboga. Part The Structures of Ibogamine, Ibogaine, Tabernanthine and Voacangine - Journal of the American Chemical Society (ACS Publications)". Journal of the American Chemical ;80 (1): 126–; ^ Kuehne, Martin E.; Reider, Paul J. (1985). "A synthesis of ibogamine - The Journal of Organic Chemistry (ACS Publications)". The Journal of Organic ;50 (9): 1464–; ^ Levi MS, Borne RF (October 2002). "A review of chemical agents in the pharmacotherapy of addiction". Curr. Med. ;9 (20): 1807–;;PMID 12369879. ^ Jump up to:a b Glick SD, Kuehne ME, Raucci J, Wilson TE, Larson D, Keller RW Jr, Carlson JN (September 1994). "Effects of iboga alkaloids on morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats: relationship to tremorigenic effects and to effects on dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum". Brain ;657 (1–2): 14–;(94);PMID 7820611. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ibogamine Clinical data ATC code none Identifiers IUPAC name CAS Number 481-87-8 PubChem CID 100217 ChemSpider 90568 ChEBI CHEBI:5853 Chemical and physical data Formula C19H24N2 Molar mass g/mol g·mol−1 InChI (what is this?) (verify)
Ibogaine – Ibogaline
Ibogaline is an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga along with the related chemical compounds ibogaine, ibogamine, and other minor alkaloids. It is a relatively smaller component of Tabernanthe iboga root bark total alkaloids (TA) content. The percentage of ibogaline in T. iboga root bark is up to 15% TA with ibogaine constituting 80% of the alkaloids and ibogamine up to 5%. In rodents, ibogaline induces more body tremor and ataxia compared to ibogaine and ;Among a series of iboga and harmala alkaloids evaluated in rats, the study authors found the following order of potency in causing tremors: ED50 (μmol/kg, sc): tabernanthine () > ibogaline () > harmaline () > harmine () > ibogaine () > noribogaine () A subsequent study confirmed these findings. See also Coronaridine Voacangine References ^ Piotr Popik, Phil Skolnick (1998). Pharmacology of Ibogaine and Ibogaine-Related ;The ;52. San Diego. ^ Norbert Neuss (1959). "Notes- Alkaloids from Apocynaceae II. Ibogaline, A New Alkaloid From Tabernanthe Iboga Baill". J. Org. ;24 (12): 2047–; ^ Jump up to:a b Zetler G, Singbartl G, Schlosser L (1972). "Cerebral Phamacokinetics of Tremor-producing Harmala and Iboga Alkaloids". ;7 (4): 237–;;PMID 5077309. ^ Glick SD, Kuehne ME, Raucci J, Wilson TE, Larson D, Keller RW Jr, Carlson JN (1994). "Effects of iboga alkaloids on morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats: relationship to tremorigenic effects and to effects on dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum". Brain ;657 (1–2): 14–;(94);PMID 7820611. Ibogaline Names IUPAC name (1R,17S)-17-Ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-3,13-diazapentacyclononadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraene Other names 12,13-Dimethoxyibogamine Identifiers CAS Number 482-18-8 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 167742 PubChem CID 193302 InChI SMILES Properties Chemical formula C21H28N2O2 Molar mass ;g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references